Circuit Diagram & System Architecture
Hardware wiring diagrams, pin connections, and system flowchart for JalRakshak.AI water monitoring nodes.
Recommended ESP32 Board
This project is designed to work with standard ESP32 development boards with external LoRa modules.
Recommended Board: PandaByte xLoRa ESP32 LoRaWAN Development Board (ESP32-WROOM-32E with integrated RA-01H LoRa module)
Purchase PandaByte xLoRa Board (₹3,000) →Note: If using the PandaByte xLoRa board, the LoRa module is already integrated. The pin connections below are for reference with external SX1276 modules on standard ESP32 boards.
Complete Circuit Diagram
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System Flowchart
LoRa SX1276 → ESP32 Pin Connections
| SX1276 Pin | ESP32 GPIO | Description |
|---|---|---|
| NSS (CS) | GPIO 5 | SPI chip select |
| RST | GPIO 26 | LoRa reset pin |
| DIO0 | GPIO 25 | TX done / RX done IRQ |
| DIO1 | GPIO 33 | RX timeout IRQ |
| DIO2 | GPIO 32 | FHSS change IRQ |
| MOSI | GPIO 23 | SPI MOSI (default) |
| MISO | GPIO 19 | SPI MISO (default) |
| SCK | GPIO 18 | SPI clock (default) |
| 3.3V | 3V3 | Power supply |
| GND | GND | Ground |
Sensor Pins → ESP32
| Sensor | ESP32 GPIO | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| TDS (analog out) | GPIO 2 | 12-bit ADC, VREF = 3.3V |
| pH (analog out) | GPIO 34 | Input-only ADC pin |
| DS18B20 (data) | GPIO 14 | 1-Wire; add 4.7 kΩ pull-up to 3.3V |
| OLED SDA | GPIO 21 | I²C data (Wire default) |
| OLED SCL | GPIO 22 | I²C clock (Wire default) |
Component Overview
ESP32 DevKit
LoRa SX1276/RA-01H
Water Sensors
Power Supply Requirements
Total Power Consumption
Recommended Power Setup
Assembly Instructions
- 1
Connect LoRa SX1276 module to ESP32 using SPI pins (MOSI, MISO, SCK, NSS, RST, DIO0-2).
- 2
Wire water sensors: TDS to GPIO 2, pH to GPIO 34, DS18B20 to GPIO 14 (with 4.7kΩ pull-up resistor).
- 3
Connect OLED display via I²C: SDA to GPIO 21, SCL to GPIO 22.
- 4
Attach power supply (3.7V LiPo with TP4056 charger) to ESP32 VIN and GND.
- 5
Verify all connections match the circuit diagram before powering on.
Important Safety Notes
- • Ensure all sensors are rated for 3.3V operation (or use level shifters)
- • DS18B20 requires a 4.7kΩ pull-up resistor on the data line
- • Waterproof sensors and connections for outdoor deployment
- • Use proper ESD protection when handling sensitive components
- • Double-check power polarity before connecting battery